The Christian Doctrine Of Sin - 1686 Words

In recent decades, feminist theologians called for the reconstruction of the Christian Doctrine of Sin. They accuse the doctrine of the perpetuation of injustice, on account of its tendency to demonize, scapegoat, and dominate women. While some of these theologians contend that within Christian orthodoxy remains a deeply rooted misogyny, only treatable from the outside-in, others suggest that within the Christian tradition itself resides the tools for healing and transformation. Methodologies aside, both camps commit to addressing the sin ‘problem’ for women. They point towards the historic account of original sin, as a compelling force in justifying the cultural subordination of women. Furthermore, scholars note that traditional insights on the transmission of sin through the flesh denounce women’s bodies as inherently perverse. Supposing that these claims are valid and also that Christian doctrine ought to witness to a God of love and justice, this paper operate s under the assumption that the Doctrine of Sin requires reconstruction. While feminists often point to the theologians, who shaped modern Protestantism, as responsible for marginalizing women in contemporary Christian thought, F.D. E. Schleiermacher’s theology actually contains resources to address their concerns. Still his work has largely been ignored by women involved in reconstructive efforts. Moreover, secondary literature perpetuates an unproductive debate over Schleiermacher’s alleged feminism, withoutShow MoreRelatedBook Report of The Other Side of Sin667 Words   |  3 PagesOther Side of Sin: The Other Side of Sin: Woundedness from the Perspective of the Sinned-against was written by Andrew Sung Park and Susan Louise Nelson as editors. This book consists of 197 pages and was published by State University of New York Press Albany. The book was printed in the United States of America in 2001 and consists of several contributors including Justo L. Gonzalez, Theodore W. Jennings Jr., and Ched Myers. The reason for writing a book report on The Other Side of Sin WoundednessRead MoreRelationship Between Incarnation And Atonement Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pageselements of the Christian theology. Many theologians have spent their time discussing and developing these Christian doctrines on how they came about, and how relevant they might be. According to Anselm, incarnation is a central doctrine of Christianity, followed by atonement. In order to ponder on the relationship between atonement and incarnation focusing on Anselm’s idea of satisfaction, we are supposed to look a t the meanings of atonement, as well as incarnation. However, the doctrines of incarnationRead MoreGod s Image Of God1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe discussion of being create in God’s image is an important construction that must be understood by Christians and must be articulated by Christians to the unbeliever. Pastor Greg Bahnsen articulates the essential construction of the image of God. Man, in his unregenerate province is hostile to God and is not able to accept theistic construction of God as revealed in the Word (1 Cor. 2 :14). Whether he is a good standing citizen, a notorious sinner, Negro spiritual cunctator , phallus of a churchRead More Christianity and Liberalism by Gresham Machen-Machen Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesand his political work with Presbyterians. In addition to Christianity and Liberalism, Machen works are such as The Origin of Paul’s Religion, What is Faith, New testament Greek for Beginners, The Virgin Birth of Christ, The Christian Faith in the Modern World, and The Christian View of Man. In 1923, Christianity and Liberalism was first published in a middle of major controversy in a Presbyterian church over the issue of theological liberalism. Throughout Machen’s entire carrier and all of his writingsRead MoreCore Doctrines Are Apart Of The Christian Faith1488 Words   |  6 PagesGod: Core doctrines are apart of the Christian faith and should be taught no matter what the denomination is. Doctrines are not negotiable throughout the universal Christian churches. However, churches may have different dogmatic beliefs, because there are not set in stone and vary. Theology is defined by Beth Felker Jones as being â€Å"the study of the things of God, a God who loves the world.† Theology is a practice that affects Christians’ lives in many ways: the way that they think, live, and howRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Salvation And Grace1327 Words   |  6 PagesSoteriology and the relation to the Doctrine of Salvation and Grace (Free Grace). Soteriology is â€Å"the study of the doctrine of salvation.† Basically, the teaching of Soteriology is part of Systematic Theology. This paper will approach each aspect of God Divine decrees, from a biblical standpoint and His plan of salvation. The working of God’s plan includes three periods in time: †¢ Eternity Past †¢ Earth’s History †¢ Eternity Future (Citing: Page 1, The Biblical Doctrine of Salvation, Tim Hegg) Read MoreIn This Essay I Will Compare A Few Of The Major Points1566 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will compare a few of the major points in Christian theology from church fathers from before the Reformation, Pierre Abelard, St. Francis of Assisi, Augustine of Hippo, and Pelagius, with those of modern Christian theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer . This essay will discuss the thought before and after the Reformation on how and why people sin. Next, it will discuss idea of free will and how the church fathers and philosophers agree or disagree on the topic. Lastly, I will compare theRead MoreA Statement on Original Sin Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesA Statement on Original Sin First articulated by Augustine (A.D. 354–430), the doctrine of original sin holds that all of Adam’s descendants inherit the guilt of Adam’s sin and thus incur the punishment for Adam’s sin. Inheriting Adam’s guilt at birth, then, presumes one guilty before God at birth and destined for hell. This is the basis for the Catholic need for infant baptism, for the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception (that Mary herself was uniquely conceived free of Adam’s guilt), andRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Sin : Sin Of Humanity1408 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Doctrine of Sin† The theological term of sin (sinlessness of Christ) is the doctrine that Jesus was without sin, free from all transgression of the law and thus able to do the will of the Father in complete holiness (Grenz 107). However, sin of humanity in Scripture tells us it is a history of man in a state of sin also rebellion against God and God’s plan of redemption to bring man back to himself. Again, sin is failure to adhere to God’s moral law in action as well as in natureRead More Christianity vs. Islam Essay839 Words   |  4 Pagesthat man is sinful and can never inherit eternal life in the presence of God as a result of the sins of our first parents, Adam and Eve, as well as our own personal sin. Therefore it became necessary for God to become man in the person of Jesus Christ, who as the Son of God was sinless and unblemished. His purpose was to suffer and die in atonement for the sins of all whom accept his sacrifice for sin. Muslims believe all of God’s prophets, who include Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad

The Social Issue Of Abortion - 1522 Words

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the social issue of abortion that was presented in the Daily Mail (Macrae, 2012), in response to a scientific article addressing before and after birth abortion (Gubilini Minerva, 2012). The paper will explore the views and disagreements about social aspect of abortion in respect to â€Å"subjects† of this discussion, the newborn and unborn. Loseke (2005) notes, â€Å"Social problems are about disagreements†¦ conditions, and they are about people in these conditions† (p.4). Social problems are socially constructed as the society dictates what is acceptable and not acceptable, what is ethical and unethical, what is normal and deviant. The analysis of the attendant views of the involved groups; the media, the pro-abortion/pro-life, women, medical professionals, people with disabilities, my own perspective in relation to my belief system, and the subject of this social issue of abortion- the unborn and newborn (vulnerable group), will be discussed as well. The following question will guide this paper; â€Å"Is the human being portrayed only as a material creature, composed and governed by biomechanical and environmental forces? Or is the human being understood in terms of transcendent, holistic, or even sacred qualities?† The selected â€Å"models of help† frameworks (Robbins, Chatterjee, Canda, 2012, p.11) will be utilized to discuss the views and perspectives of mentioned groups in respect to social construction of abortion, its influence on theShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is A Social Issue1445 Words   |  6 PagesGood evening, in a landmark ruling today the Supreme Court Legalized Abortions. The majority in cases from Texas and Georgia said that the decision to end a pregnancy during the first three months belongs to the woman and her doctor. Not the government. Too many the debate over the concerns of abortion begin with Roe vs Wade, but the controversy has been with us for centuries. Ancient cultures addressed it. Even Plato and Aristotle spoke of terminating pregnancies both for and against depending onRead MoreAbortion Is A Social And Political Issue2035 Words   |  9 PagesAbortion is a social and political issue that many people worldwide feel strongly about. Although the thought of â€Å"killing† another human being sounds horrific, it may be the only choice. The question that is often asked, does a woman have the right to choose what happens to her unborn child. Since a woman must carry a child during pregnancy and then be responsible for its physical, intellectual, and emotional well-being, as well as the enormous expense associated with raising a child, she shouldRead MoreAbortion Is A Social And Political Issue2212 Words   |  9 PagesAbortion is a social and political issue in which we control our lives as women. Controlling our bodies clearly shows that this means the right to bear children as well as the right not to. The Supreme Court ruled that women have the right to ab ortion. In the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, the state cannot restrict abortion and it is the woman and the doctor’s decision to be made. During weeks thirteen to twenty-four, the state can only impose in areas that are â€Å"reasonably related to maternal health†Read MoreSocial Perspectives On Abortion And Abortion1291 Words   |  6 Pages Social Perspectives on Abortion Angelica Haro California State University Fullerton Sociology 308, Fall 2015 Social Perspectives on Abortion Introduction The abortion question raises a number of issues that form the core of the abortion debate. Opponents and supporters of abortions have been battling over this particular problem for decades and still cannot come to an agreement. Being one of the most common and most controversial medical procedures, abortion tends to affect peopleRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1155 Words   |  5 PagesIssue The subject shown in this paper is a classic debate. Whether heard of in school or online or had personal experience this is something that has been a growing issue for many years. This issue can either tear families apart or bring them closer. It can break hearts or make one happier. If not guessed yet the subject that will be discussed in this paper is abortions. This is a non-going debate at whether it is unethical or just plain cruel to have an abortion. Some believe that women shouldRead MoreAbortion Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion, one of the most controversial issues in the United States today, should remain legal because it helps to regulate population levels, keep unwanted children from being born, neglected, beaten or abandoned and in some cases it can also reduce divorce rates. Abortions can be practical for potential parents who do not have the money, time or experience to raise a child at this point in time in their life (especially teenagers). Women who have been raped also may have an abortion because sheRead MoreSocial Problem with Abortion1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe Social Problem of Abortion The Social Problem of Abortion From my sociological imagination I believe that abortion is a social problem. I was raised Catholic. My mother comes from a strong Catholic Hispanic family and my dad was raised with strong white protestant values. I was brought up to believe that abortion was wrong. For the most part my mother believed that all abortion was wrong while my dad probably believed that it was okay if the mother’s life was in danger or possible inRead MoreSocial Problems : A Social Problem1743 Words   |  7 PagesOsterman Abortion Paper Social problems can encompass many things, but they all have two things in common. They are a social state that disturbs society, and they are detrimental to society. There are four stages to a social problem: public outcry, crafting an official response, reaction to official response, and developing alternative strategies to solve problem. These stages run in a cycle and happen over and over again depending upon what the public is upset about. When you have a social problemRead MoreWebsite Analysis of National Right to Life Committee (NRLC)696 Words   |  3 PagesRhetoric, Social Movement, Abortion, Assisted Suicide, Life, Organization. Introduction National Right to Life Committee(NRLC) is the second oldest and largest pro-life organization in the United States. This social movement organization deals with several life-related issues like abortion, assisted suicide or euthanasia, cloning, Medicare issues and so on. However, my focus topics are â€Å"Abortion† and â€Å"Assisted Suicide/ Euthanasia† because these are the two most common issues life-related issues. AbortionRead MoreAbortion Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of the most controversial issues in the world. Even in countries like the US where it is legal, the issue remains debatable at political, religious and philosophical grounds. Pro-abortionists claim that abortion is a matter of women’s right while anti-abortionists claim it is a matter of ending a life. Whereas pro-abortionists such as feminist would term a pregnancy as unwanted, religious anti-abortionists would term it as a blessing that must be maintained. Pro-abortion individuals

Killer Whale Free Essays

What is a killer whale? A killer whale is considered a whale to most people, but its is actually the largest of all dolphins and one of the most superior predators in the world (Killer Whale, National Geographic). The scientific name for a killer whale is Orcinus Orca. The killer whale falls into the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, the class Mammalia, and the order Cetacea (Killer Whales , NOAA). We will write a custom essay sample on Killer Whale or any similar topic only for you Order Now Killer whales or orcas are one of the most intelligent species world. Orca’s are widely distributed in all parts of the ocean even the tropics (Diagram A). The estimated population of a killer whale is fifty thousand to about one hundred thousand. (7 Things About Killer Whales, Take Part) . Killer whales are solid black and white, they also have a gray patch on their back called a â€Å"cape† or a â€Å"saddle† . The top(dorsal) side of the dolphin is black, including the pectoral flippers. The bottom (ventral) side is mostly white. The oval white spots behind the eyes are called â€Å"eyespots†. The size of a killer whale varies depending on the location of the dolphin. Adult killer whale females are smaller than adult males. A killer whale has a fusiform body shape. A fusiform body shape has less drag, which means that it is an efficient swimmer. The pectoral fin of a killer whale, which is very similar to a human hand (Diagram B), is used to steer and the flukes, or tails, are used to stop. The dorsal fin is used to help stabilize the whale when it swims at high speeds it is also encircled by veins to help manage the body temperature. The killer whale’s eyes are on both sides of the head, its about the same size of the eyes of the cow. The ears are a tiny opening just behind the eyes. Covered by a muscular flap is the blowhole, this is what the killer whale breathes through. (Physical Characteristics, Sea World). The killer whale has four senses taste, touch, hearing and eyesight. Killer whales do have taste buds, they prefer a specific food fishes. A killer whale has a very well developed sense of touch. Orcas have great vision both in and out of water. A marine mammals eyesight is grater than a land mammals. Often in the darker sides of the ocean their eyesight becomes weak and make its difficult to see their prey, in this case they use their sound receptors to navigate. Orcas have very well developed hearing. Recent studies have shown that orcas can hear up to 100kHz. The lower jaw of the killer whale also acts as a sound receptor (Diagram C). Killer whales do not have a sense of smell because the olfactory nerves and olfactory lobes of the brain aren’t present. Since they are air breathing mammals that spend most of their time underwater a sense of smell wouldn’t really come to use. (Senses, SeaWorld) Killer whales reproduce sexually. A female killer whale is sexually mature when it reaches fifteen to sixteen feet. Males are sexually mature when they reach eighteen to twenty feet. Baby killer whales are called calves. The gestation process for calves is seventeen months. Calves are born throughout the year but mostly during the summer time. Calves are born every five years. A calf weighs around three hundred to four hundred pounds and is approximately eight feet long. (Reproduction and Gestation, WhalesBC). Orcas are very conservative of their young. (Killer Whales, National Geographic). Killer whale are highly active predators. Orcas eat a wide variety of species, such as squids, sea mammals, and fish. These dolphins are one of the top predators in the ocean. Orcas eat a wide variety of fish, like fishes from the surface, such as salmon, to bottom dwelling species, such as halibut. Some orcas feed on marine mammals like walruses, baleen whale, sea lion, seals, and sometimes sea otters. Its common for killer whales to eat varieties of fish and squids , but very rarely they eat sea mammals. Adult Orcas eat about two to four percent of their body weight in food every day(Food Preferences and Resources, Sea World). That is approximately about one hundred fifty to three hundred pounds of food a day(Killer Whales, MarineBio. Net). Growing calves eat more they eat as much as ten percent of their body weight. Killer whale hunt in groups or â€Å"pods†. A pod is a bunch of individuals moving together as a group. A pod size is different in all areas of the globe. Male, female and calves are often grouped together in pods. Orcas often work together to surround a group of small prey before attacking. When hunting a bigger species such as a whale , the pod of dolphins would attack from several different angles all at once. Orcas are called killer whales because they tend to eat mostly whatever is in their ath. Orcas have very sharp, cone shaped teeth used to rip and tear prey. (Methods of Collecting Food, Sea World). Killer whales use echolocation sound wave to communicate. Echolocation is the location of objects by reflected sounds. This is used in dolphins and bats. This is what the killer whales rely on to hunt in the dark, communicate, and to navigate. Some sounds a killer whale make are jaw claps , echolo cation clicks, low-frequency pops, pulsed calls, and whistles . The orca makes this sound by moving the air between the nasal sacs in the blowhole area. Humans have a lot of impact on killer whales. Humans have always been interested in learning abut the killer whale, but not much research could be found on them. The first image of a killer whale was found on a cave drawing in Norway, its about 9000 years old. There are often false myths about killer whales, and many times this misinformation leads to harm for the whales. Killer whales have been often hunted for their meats, organs, and blubber. Before 1981, six thousand killer whales were taken by Japanese , Norwegian, and Soviet whalers. (Human Impact, Sea World). Killer whales have many adaptations like diving, respiration, thermoregulation, and sleep. Orcas are very fast swimmers in the water. They can swim up to twenty eight miles per hour. They usually swim eight miles per hour. Killer whales maneuver well in the ocean. When near the surface the killer whale stays under water for thirty seconds or less. Killer whales are also known for their diving tactics. They can dive one hundred meters in the ocean. Killer whales also use thermoregulation. Thermoregulation is also the process of regulating body temperature. Orcas are very warm blooded their body temperature is similar humans. The large size of a killer whale keeps the whale warm. Under the orcas skin is a very thick layer of blubber which helps protect the amount of heat loss. Killer whales have a high metabolism, which also creates a lot of body heat. The orcas circulatory system assist in keeping the body temperature in place. The arteries contain warm blood from the core of the body and the veins contain cool blood, heat is often transferred from the arteries to the eins (Diagram D shows how this happens). Killer whales have been observed to rest or â€Å"sleep† for short periods of time sometimes as long as eight hours during the night. Calves have been observed to rest for a lesser period of time. (Adaptations, Sea world) Since Killer whales have no predator they could live fifty to eighty years. The only predators killer whale’s have are human (Killer Whales, NOAA). There are many causes to the death of killer whales , one cause is disease. Ulcers, tumors, skin diseases , heart disease, and respiratory issues. Some killer whale have been diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease, this is a cancer of lymph tissue found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites. Orcas sometimes suffer from several infections. Parasites are another issue causing harm to the killer whales health. Some parasite are flukes, roundworm, and tapeworms. (Longevity and causes of death, Sea world) The killer whale, or orca, is the fastest of the marine mammals; its powerful tail flukes help propel it through the water. It is also the largest of all dolphins. Orcas can get very big, it is possible for then to weigh up to six tons. Some orcas grow twenty three to thirty two feet long. They have approximately forty to fifty cone-shaped teeth, that are up to four inches long. Not much is told about their age but some resources show that some killer whales that live in the wild are about thirty to eighty years old. Killer whales have a widely spread population they are found in all parts of the oceans. Orcas have a counter shaded color pattern, they have a solid black top, and a solid white bottom with an oval shaped white spot which is called an â€Å"eyespot† . The dorsal fin for adult male are triangle shapes and can be up to six feet high. On the other hand a female dorsal fin is slightly curved, and that can grow up to three feet high. Orcas are considered to be one of the top predators in the ocean. Killer whales eat a variety of fish, seals, whales, sea lions, squid, and seabirds. Research shows that killer whales are capable of ripping seals of ice. Whales hunt in a group called â€Å"pods†. There are two types of pods residential and transient. Residential prefer to hunt fish and transient prefer to hunt marine mammals. Orcas use echolocation to find food, this technique is also used by bats. Orcas give birth every three to five years in the wild. Females carry their young for seventeen months. Baby orcas or calves are born up to eight feet long and can weight up to four hundred pounds. Orcas are highly protective of their young. These â€Å"pods† communicate with different noises. Killer whales are very intelligent. There has never been a document case on a killer whale attacking a human. (Twenty interesting facts about killer whales, Angela W. LaFon) How to cite Killer Whale, Papers

Hope In Action Essay Example For Students

Hope In Action Essay STAND AND DELIVERIn the Gospel of Matthew it states, Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me. (Matt. 25:40). This relates to Moltmanns guideline of the preferential option for the poor. In todays society we are faced with the poor everywhere we go. Whether it be in the largest cities in the world such as London, New York, or Los Angeles; or in the smallest towns in middle America, or third world countries the poor are suffering all around us. I chose to discuss what I believe is an excellent example of the preferential option for the poor. The movie is called Stand and Deliver. This movie is based on the true story that focuses on a high school teacher in Los Angeles. His name is Jaime Escalante, portrayed by Edward James Olmos. He was a well-respected, well-liked teacher that decided to take a job at an L.A. high school in a poor, Spanish area, known for its violence, drugs and gangs among other things. Many of the families that lived in this area could barely speak English, if at all. Many could not read or write past a fifth grade level either. The families were usually overpopulated with children that were underprivileged. These high school students were just trying to survive in their world without getting into trouble or dying, school was not a major concern for many of them. Most of these students normally ended up in jail, working in blue-collar jobs or even dead. The teacher, Mr. Escalante, was also of Spanish de cent and could relate to the trials of his new group of students. He had grown up in a tough neighborhood as well. He could not understand though, why they gave up so easily and why they seemed to lack self-discipline and self-respect as well as a lack of respect for others. He was taught to survive but to also respect his elders. Mr. Escalantes area of expertise was in mathematics and he was hired to teach these students calculus. He walked into the classroom and was astonished to find that most of his students only knew basic mathematics. His goal was to prepare them for a statewide test in mathematics in order for them to be able to graduate from high school. His job was extremely difficult though, more difficult then he had anticipated. He never gave up hope for his students though. After a few trying weeks the students seemed to pick up on the math that Mr. Escalante was trying to get across to them. He used everyday ideas and problems to convey the math to the students. For example, he used an apple to show the students that when you split an apple it gets cut in half (1/2), and if you cut the half you have quarters etc. This gave the students the help they thought they needed because they were always shown that they would end up like their families did, poor and always fighting for the necessities of life. All the while he was also becoming their friend, mentor, father figure, counselor, motivator, as well as a teacher. He became involved in their personal lives helping them when and if he could anyway he could. For example, one student portrayed by Lou Diamond Philips, was a gang member, drug-dealing punk who lived with his Spanish-speaking grandmother who couldnt read. Mr. Escalante on his own time taught the boys elderly grandmother how to read and when a particular student got into trouble Mr. Escalante got him out of it as well. Another example of hope in action found in the film was the fact that every week Mr. Escalante would teach a night course to a group of ESL adults. He taught his students that they should be above all else proud to be who they are and that they can achieve something that many of their parents didnt achieve. They would with perseverance go on to better themselves in all aspects of their lives. He gave them the best gift of allhope. It was this hope that was key when Mr. Escalante suffered a heart attack and his students took the imitative to study for their exam to prove to their teacher and friend that his hard work was not done in vain. The students took the required exam and when most of the students passed the test they were accused by the state of California of cheating. The students as well as Mr. Escalante were outraged that the state didnt believe that this group of kids could have done so well when they came from such a bad neighborhood. They were asked to take the test again under strict supervision to prove that they were not cheaters. The findings on the exam were such that many of the students got the same questions wrong with the same exact errors on all of the papers. The state couldnt comprehend that because the same teacher taught them all, that it could be possible to make all the same mistakes on the exam. All of the students studied twice as hard and as long as they had the first time around. They all passed the test with flying colors again and the state had to let the students graduate. No one could have been more proud of these kids as Mr. Escalante was. It was because of his faith and hope in these students intelligence that they could be high school graduates. He never gave up on them even when their own families did. He showed them that if you want something bad enough you will go to great lengths to get it and you will persevere. This is hope in action. .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba , .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .postImageUrl , .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba , .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:hover , .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:visited , .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:active { border:0!important; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:active , .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufff7b7f6f896490a83bbffd2404107ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: MBA Admissionss - My Three Most Substantial EssayReligion

Poverty and Conditional Cash Transfer Essay Example

Poverty and Conditional Cash Transfer Essay A Reaction Paper on the Article Written By Randy David Presented by: JOEFREY C. MIRAFUENTES oOo While the article wished to present the acceptability of the Conditional Cash Transfers as an immediate response of the Philippine Government to the beleaguering effects of poverty, it also presented another reality that cannot be obscured away from discussing such societal problem, and that is the susceptibility of this stimulus program to be exploited as an instrument for corruption. The widespread prevalence of poverty in the Philippines is a major crisis that has been hounding the sincerity of the government for decades. This old- age problem that is already deep-seated within the economy has quickly become an everyday reality for impoverished Filipino families; and one that deserves to have meaningful and long-term solutions from the government. However, lessons in the past reminded us that none of the administrations in the political history of the Philippines had actually delivered a sustainable solution to the problem as it is too evident in the present day situation that the same stigma has been passed on to present generations of Filipinos. Latest survey from the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) even reveals that poverty incidence in the country were up by 16% in 2008 (www. roundreport. com/World/NSCB-Survey-Poverty-increased). Because this problem is so prevalent and widespread in the country, it will be very hard for the Philippine Government to immediately put an end to poverty in the next six years. But hope is still alive for this practically resource-rich nation to stand on its own feet againa word of assurance that the Aquino Administration is currently working on with the promise of a truthful and corrupt-free government. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and Conditional Cash Transfer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and Conditional Cash Transfer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and Conditional Cash Transfer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A BAND-AID SOLUTION. It is quite obvious that the alleviation of poverty is also at the core of the present administration’s concern. In fact, the increase in budget allocation intended for the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) or the so-called Conditional Cash Transfer for the poorest of the poor families excellently manifests how the Aquino administration is really resolved on getting every poor Filipino family out of poverty line. Though it exemplifies the effort of a responsive and caring government, it is highly impractical for the government to continue dwelling on strategic program like the 4Ps as long-term solution to poverty. This has to be considered only as quick and temporary intervention for easing the effects of poverty among poor and highly marginalized families while the government is trying to fast-track projects to stimulate development that will alleviate poverty. With a limited budget mostly funded by a loan grant from foreign financial institutions like ADB, the program is not that too accommodating for other people particularly among families, who by virtue could be considered to be poor and marginalized but unfortunately, were not qualified to receive the benefits under the criterion of the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR). On the lighter side, this subsidy would somehow spell temporary relief for qualified poor families to get across daily financial constraints, with the assurance that they in return must comply with the conditions set forth by the program. As a short-term poverty reduction and social development strategy, the 4Ps does not necessarily provide a sustainable solution to ending poverty in the country as it would only provide band-aid solution to the effects of the problem and not necessarily to the cause of poverty. Though, this would help assure government that the poor especially women and children are given attention under the program through social assistance to alleviate their immediate needs and social development through health services and free education for their children. The conditional cash transfer program has proven to be an effective way of keeping children healthier and in school as asserted by Camilla Holmemo, ADB Poverty Specialist. However, one could not help but worry also of the idea that this would only create precedence among poor families to be fully reliant on the help xtended by the government and would only prevent them from realizing that they are still in full control of their future. To give cure to this so-called societal decay, the government must seek meaningful ways to fight the decay from the core. The problem on poverty lies on the fact that the poor are denied of equal access to opportunities. While the Aquino government shall continue on extending conditiona l cash assistance to immediately ease hunger among poor families, it must carefully plan strategic ways to address poverty systematically from the grassroots level as the barangay. It must create opportunities where poor families are not deprived and left unattended. As to how these opportunities can be realized is a challenge that has to be shared by all agencies of the government and for government to have more funds and financial aids available. A MILKING COW? One could not help but worry again of the kind of fate this program will have in the future, especially when this government is immediately associated with graft and corrupt practices. This country has its long history of corruption that is why citizens of this republic were already repugnant of the fact that some officials in the government entrusted with public trust and confidence are actually turning government projects into a milking cow for their own personal benefit. For government programs like the 4Ps which has enormous budget allocation, it would not be unlikely that such government subsidy could be susceptible also to waste and leakage. It is an ominous reality that corruption is undeniably an impediment to any directed developmental efforts of the government for the economy and the people. That is why, it is very important for the Aquino government to be sincere on its pursuit for good governance. I laud the Aquino government for its initial steps of rebuilding trust and confidence within the government bureaucracy. To me, it is the important thing as showing the people that change must start from the initiator.

Bless The Beasts And Children essays

Bless The Beasts And Children essays The novel, Bless the Beasts and Children, by Glendon Swarthout has a theme of the progression of the Bedwetters. These are kids who are ostracized because of their lack of physical abilities. Their individualistic actions are eliminated as the novel progresses. Before the group changed to a fully functional group one could find clues of these individualistic acts such as when the Bedwetters attempt to steal the buffalo head from one of the other cabins. John Cottons, the leader of the Bedwetters, at first refuses to compromise and allow the group to get food. When he does compromise, the Bedwetters begin their progression. Finally the event in which the Bedwetters free the buffalo shows them as a fully functional group. The groups individualism is shown when they attempt to steal the buffalo head from the Apaches. They botched it(pg. 60) describes the Bedwetters attempt. Goodenow and Lally 2 set the group off on the wrong foot after one has giggled and the other trips on a root. Teft and Shecker, being the strongest, were the ones to enter the Apaches cabin and take the trophy down. Once, successfully having entered the cabin, Shecker being clumsier than a cub bear catches the power switch to his radio on a piece of elastic. This causes all the campers to wake up and tackle the Bedwetters. The Bedwetters are tied to a tree and the Apaches urinate in their chamber pot. If their actions had properly been planned and the six of them worked together, the Bedwetters would have been successful. However, that was not the case and it showed. All but one of the six began to cry. If the group had been one whole, they would have used each others strength to keep from crying. The Bedwetters learn from this ev ent in which they are greatly humiliated. When the next time approached with a way they could better work together, they will. Clearly, the Buffalo Head incident has started the Bedwe...

Standards in Police Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Standards in Police Selection - Essay Example Cases in the media where police officers are caught (on tape or otherwise) brutalizing segments of society only underscore the importance of careful police selection processes being in place. But how do police departments typically set the standards which recruits must pass and what methods are implemented during this crucial selection process? According to Doerner and Nowell (1999), "Most departments rely upon polygraphing, physical wellness standards, educational requirements, medical reviews, and background checks to screen out patently unqualified applicants." These methods are often augmented by "psychological testing, personality typologies, cognitive examinations, interest inventories, oral board interviews, assessment centers, and situational tests" (Doerner & Nowell 1999) in order to complete the selection process. In order to save time and cost in the police selection process, however, attempts to replace these traditional methods of police selection are continually being tested for reliability and validity. To this end, there are many new police selection tools that have come on the market recently. One of these newer methods of police selection is the behavioral-personnel assessment device test (B-PAD). In this test, recruits view a videotape of typical police crises and scenarios, and then their responses of how they would handle the situation as a police officer are recorded on tape, to be viewed by a panel of judges.(Doerner & Nowell 1999). The B-PAD is supposed to test a recruits interpersonal skills and judgment. There are some questions about whether such a test is biased against the demographic background factors of either the recruit or the judges, such as bias based on sex or race. Although preliminary studies show there is no bias in test, there is sure to be more research on this . One of the most typical ways that a police department in the U.S. selects recruits is

Human Resource Management - Learning Assignment

Human Resource Management - Learning - Assignment Example In order to understand these new needs, and fit the support systems to the business context, HR professionals need to be part of the planning process right from the start. The strategy that a company adopts has to be deliverable, and the contribution of HR can make sure that the whole organization is geared up to match strategic objectives, using tools like rewards systems, orientation programs, working time arrangements and many others. If strategic planning and HR are separate, then a gap can develop which hampers progress towards corporate objectives. If HR is involved in strategic planning then employees can be sure that details such as the terms of their contracts and the working arrangements in their teams have been put together in alignment with company objectives. There is consistency across the board when points of debate or contention arise, and employees are less likely to be caught between conflicting messages. HR can serve as a useful channel for information to flow from the very top of the organization to the very bottom, and across the whole width of different departments or sections. The organization is therefore bonded together more fully. This means employee views are heard and their concerns can be fed into all processes at all stages. Sensitive processes like down-sizing are likely to run much more smoothly and fairly when HR considerations have been included in the planning stage. Management directives and core corporate values are much more likely to be adopted if HR has influenced their formation and implement ation (Williams, 2010). 3 What do you think are the risks involved (to HR and the organization as a whole) if HR does not make this a priority and instead remains a purely task-oriented department mostly administrative in nature? If HR remains a task-oriented department it will more than likely find itself in

Refletion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Refletion - Essay Example I intend to join college to continue with my career goals. I believe that the appropriate use of mathematical coding practices will play a key role in my success: Application of best practices will assist me in my research project in college i.e. when performing data analysis, when completing mathematical formula among others. I will also continue using coding practices in my University while performing data analysis or when tackling certain mathematical problems. In other classes i.e. Chemistry classes and Physics lessons, I apply mathematical formulas to complete certain tasks: Mathematical coding has played a key role in assisting me to complete these problems as well as instances of data analysis. The most important practice in mathematical coding is ensuring that it meets the recommended coding standards, which may involve asking questions such as: Is the coding system efficient? Is the coding practice usable, maintainable and dependable? This is important because it ensures that a lot of time is wasted by using inefficient coding practices that may lead to generation of inaccurate

Nurse Standards And Documentation Nursing Essay

Nurse Standards And Documentation Nursing Essay Nursing standards are expectations that contribute to public protection. They inform nurses of their accountabilities and the public of what to expect of nurses. Standards apply to all nurses regardless of their roles, job description or areas of practice.(College of Nurses Ontario, 2008, para.1). Documentation is one of the vital components of ethical, safe and effective nursing practices that provide comprehensible image of the client health status and their outcomes. (Practice Standards, 2008, para.2).Whether the documentation is in electronic or written format, hence documentation communicates the nurse observations, decisions, and outcomes for the client. According to the Aga Khan University policy of Documentation of Nursing Care (2008), documentation is a direct nursing activity that ensures the evidence for provision of nursing care and continuity of care. (p.1.1). The quotation indicates that for every events and record it is very important to do documentation as evidence so that the staff would legally be safe. Moreover nursing care provides good and healthy communication between the staff and the patient and further this provides the good continuity of care to the patient. According to Kimberly (2003),if it wasnt documented, it wasnt done. (para.1). This revealed th at in the clinical setting, if the documentation is not complete, then the work will be count incomplete. During my senior electives in my practice setting in Private Wing II (medicine unit) I encountered many issues regarding documentation on bedside files. I observed most of the nursing staff not following the documentation policy. For example, absence of events related to abnormal vital signs, patient response during invasive and non invasive procedures, abdominal pain complaint and its monitoring scale, errors in 24 hours calculations of intake output flow sheet that can impact on patient negative and positive balance. Moreover, issues related Nasogastric feeding and patients tolerance ability, absence of initials and dates on weekends and wrong addressograph of patient on intake output flow sheets, non useable abbreviations, illegible writing and inaccuracy of nursing notes, all these issues identified during rounds and in morning over. So, I planned and decided to bring these documentation issues in front of my preceptor and manager not only to approve my project, but really want s taff to work on it so that they would legally be safe and performance of the organization should be maintained. My preceptor and manager appreciated me and approved my project and this is how my project journey begins. We all nurses knew that documentation is an ethical and legal issue and making a single error in documentation can put the staff in lawsuit. Therefore to bring improvement in staff documentation practices and to observe staff knowledge I developed a questionnaire tool. At last, I come to conclusion that staff really needs to work on documentation as there is a gap identified in some of the staffs knowledge about documentation. Both preceptor and manager appreciated me and permit me to work on it as issues of documentation on clinical setting quite common now a day that does not only put the staff in trouble but this can affect the organization. Therefore, I discussed all the related issues regarding documentation with preceptor and manager and finally the project appr oved by them. Nursing manager and preceptor considered that work on documentation is a good project so that staff should think of it and work on it in order to bring improvement in their documentation and not make further errors that can affect the patient quality of care as this is an ethical issue. For assessing the need of the selected topic, I developed a pre test questionnaire based on staff knowledge about nursing documentation and finally I come to conclusion via assessment that staffs really have to work on documentation as some of the staff had lack of knowledge regarding nursing documentation. Some of the staff have knowledge but do not show accountability which can put the unit and other staff in trouble. I also identified other issues for practice based project. Firstly, non compliance to infection controls policy. The purpose of not selected the topic was that, all the units Head nurses, Clinical Nurse Instructors (CNI) and Infection Control Staff members are working to gether on it. In addition, they do reinforce unit staffs to attend the infection control sessions on constant basis not only to prevent them but also prevent the other members and patients from infectious diseases. Secondly, bed sore issues are the most common problem I identified in unit. The reason for not selecting the topic was as the Case Manager of the unit already made a project on it, she performed rounds on daily basis and every month she takes sessions on bed sores for the staff. Thirdly, communication gap among the staff and patient. For that, CNI and Head Nurse (HN) are taking classes of morning and evening shift staffs on regular basis. In order to support the need of the project, I reviewed the previous quarterly internal audits results of nursing documentation, which showed that staff does not following the principles and the policy of nursing documentation. The main observations in these audits were non useable abbreviations in nursing notes and in flow sheets i.e. @, cc, KCL, etc. Moreover, unauthorized staff documentation, wrong addressograph and wrong calculations of 24 hours documented and identified in intake output flow sheet in the month of February 2010 May 2010. The major observations which I found during the rounds were almost same except one which has not mentioned in audits observation was the events of patient complain, abnormal vital signs and invasive and non invasive procedure that I identified. All these issues have now become the priority of a unit. Therefore, being a responsible staff I decided to take this project as a challenge and plan to work on it. As the documentation is an ethical and l egal concern that provides quality care to the patient. Moreover, documentation is a basic tool of communication in which nurse does assess patients condition in order to document patients records, so that staff would legally be safe and patient care not compromised. Based on above observations and from the audits results, I developed a pre test questionnaire according to staff need that contains 15 questions. For maintaining reliability of the questionnaire it was checked by the preceptor and facilitator. After substantiation of the pre test, I made it fill with the Nursing Assistant (NAs) and Registered Nurses (RNs). I took 20 samples of the staffs that were 40% staffs of the unit. Although pre test require 15 questions but I scrutinize the five major priority questions of the test. An assessment results reveals that 65% staffs answer correctly about the best definition of nursing documentation. Moreover, 50% staffs did correct answer on purpose of 24 hours of intake output balance documentation. Furthermore, 25% staffs answer correctly on purpose of intake out put documentation in flow sheet. Besides this, 50% staffs gave correct answer on responsible of documenting IV fluids and intake output calculations of 24 hours. Analysis of the issue with evidence based literature: According to Aga Khan Policy of Documentation in Nursing Care (2008), Patient record is a legal document; therefore must present legible, accurate, timely, objective and complete information about patient and intervention. (1.2). This definition clearly explains the standard documentation that are necessary for all nursing staff in order to be legally safe as documentation is an ethical and legal issue all over the world. According to Connor, K. et al (2007), nursing documentation has a high priority in all trusts because analysis of records of care and observations has revealed that use of multiple charts and repetitive recording causes practical and legal issues.(para.2). The above quotation indicates that repetitive records can affect patients quality of care. Moreover, this can take the staff in law suit. Furthermore, organization performances would get affected if its taken in the court. Hence, this has been observed that lack of thorough documentation and nurse accountability r eveals many complaints and investigations arising from clinical incidents which were leading to indefensible claims for the staff. According to NMC (2002), Vigilance is required to ensure high standards in record keeping, whether records are in written or electronic form. The audit of patient documentation is a facet of risk management that can help to promote quality of care. Wood, C., (2003) believe that any notes or records demand legal documentation, and if any judgment, vague or unsubstantiated documentation found, it would be difficult to maintain professional reliability in the court. (para.2). Hence, good record keeping promotes better communication as well as continuity, consistency, efficiency that further reinforce professionalism within nursing. Integration of the Model: I run this project through PDSA model, visualized by Walter Shewhart in 1930s and further this was adopted by W. Edwards Deming in 1950s. This model is known as Shewhart cycle, Deming cycle, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, and Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. Also known as Learning and Improvement cycle. In this model, the cycle shows the framework for the improvement of a process or system. (Refer Appendix A). According to Kevin (2008), once target improvement areas identified, the model will provides a framework that can further used to guide the entire project or to develop the specific objects. (para.2). Furthermore, the PDSA cycle also used when starting a new improvement project or when implementing any change. Besides this, PDSA cycle also used as a model for continuous improvement in quality care. According to Tague (2004), The PDSA cycle has 4 steps for carrying out the change. Just the circle has no end; it should be repeated again and again for continuous improvement (para.3). Taking thi s point I would add that in the same manner unless the staff brings change and improvement in them, ongoing sessions for the documentation, activities of documenting notes quizzes and review of policies should be continue. Here I would integrate this model with my project. The first step is plan, in this step I identified the area that needs improvement. Furthermore, I collected data and planned strategies accordingly for change. I identified four issues from the unit and analyzed the significance of each issue. I discussed each problem with my preceptor and planned for prioritizing the issues. Moreover, CNI planned a meeting with unit manager for selection the priority issue for the project. Finally after the discussions and come to conclusion I selected the topic documentation based on staff knowledge, attitude and practices during the clinical setting. I gathered data through observations during rounds and knowledge identified via pre test. I planned strategies for implementation s, that is session awareness and develop innovative flyer. Moreover, discuss with CNI that PowerPoint presentation should be done via multimedia and for the nursing notes activity White Board with markers should be needed. The second step is do, in this implementation of the project done. I conducted three sessions on different days for all the staffs. I carried out the session in the evenings shift staffs. Moreover, for each session I developed an innovative flyer, and pasted on noticed board for the announcement of the session. (Refer Table 1. Action Plan). Moreover, I taught and encouraged the staff how to retrieve the policy on the computer. For sustainability of the project, I discussed with all team members about the results of the project. Moreover, I explained them that for effectiveness of the projects results they have to initiate the staff and take the responsibility to observe the staffs documentation practices in their shifts. In addition, I arranged a meeting with the nursing documentation monitors of the unit and give them the responsibility conduct in service sessions in every fifteen to twenty days. The third step of the model is study, for that I searched many relevant literature that supports my nursing documentation project. And If I take the component check of PDCA model I evaluated the staff by post test; Moreover, I present different scenarios for the staff, based on documentation practices where staffs have to demonstrate documentation according to its principle. Furthermore, I took the redemonstration of the process of retrieving documentation policies and observations to evaluate the staffs on their nursing documentation practices. The fourth and last step of the model is act. In the act phase, first I used power point presentation lecture with two way communication, and showed pamphlets and cards which I made for them for my sustainability. It is decided that the improvement has come in them or not, whether their practices changed or not. Improvement practices bring changed in them or not. For this project the time was short, so I could not able to perform this step completely but I handed all my things to CNI and the volunteers for further proceed the session. Implementation: Implementation is the most important component of the project. I applied multiple strategies in order to implement the project effectively. My first strategy was to provide knowledge to staff about the documentation and its practices. I searched many literatures on the selected issue and review and retrieved nursing documentation policies and further discuss with my preceptor and facilitator. Also developed PowerPoint presentation slides on the selected project. According to Green, Palfery, Clark Anastasi 2002, The slides are similar to lecture and work well for initial explanation and clarifying the concepts of the learners. (p.2). To observe the enhancement knowledge of the staff, I showed power point presentation slides to the staff, before conducting the session I also showed the slides to my preceptor and facilitator. After justification of the presentation, I conducted three sessions on different days. The reason for three sessions was to expand information to different group s of staff. I conduct all my sessions in overlapping timings and most of the time evening staff attend my session rather than morning. I considered, this strategy was appropriate and relevant to the practice because mosts of the evening staff does attend the sessions on different topic so they do not have to tense that they are giving extra timings to the project or applying any efforts. Green, Palfrey, Clark Anastasi 2002, The slides are similar to lecture and work well for initial explanation and clarifying the concepts of the learners. (p.2). Moreover, I encouraged the staff to participate actively because this helps the staffs to express out their views and carried out their personal experiences and learn different concepts via groups. Group discussions are good for problem solving, critical thinking and demonstrating different points of views among learners.(p.1). My second strategy was to teach the process of retrieving the documentation policy for the staff and encouraged th e staff to re demonstrate it. Also redemonstrate the nursing notes in order to observe the practices of the staff following A-G assessment. The strategy was very effective because here I come to know the staff practices and their knowledge. According to Rodrigo, Meredith Moore 2003, Kinetics learners learn by doing and prefer learning that involves movement, active participation, and concrete objects. (p.1). My third strategy was to develop an innovative flyers that I pasted on the unit notice board for the reinforcement and remembrance of the staff. Evaluation: In evaluation, for RNs I distributed nursing notes paper to observe their documentation practices Moreover, I asked staffs about the Aga Khan University documentation policy. For nursing assistant (NA) I distributed intake output flow sheet where I asked them to document routine amount of fluid intake measurement. Furthermore, I asked the staffs about the documentation error policy. It is saying that no project will be successful without knowing its outcomes. After the implementation I performed an evaluation of my presentation. After providing them the session on documentation, I found t nursing staffs were able to clarify their concepts about the documentation and its error policy. To observe the base line knowledge among staff regarding nursing documentation. For that purpose, I have utilized evaluation tool on nursing documentation formulated by me, after preceptors guidance and approval. (See results of evaluation (Refer Appendix B). The implementation analysis indicates that 85% of my project went successfully (Refer Appendix C). In addition, staff participated well; share the realistic examples related clinical. Moreover, suggested to have these kinds of sessions on quarterly basis so that to improve the knowledge. Furthermore, also suggested to have an activity on nursing notes so that they can bring change in documentation practices. Limitations: Time period for project was short that is why unable to involve all staff in implementation of the project. Another reason for not attending the session by staff was, most of the staffs were busy in providing care to the patient. Moreover, for the evaluation of project I have two weeks in identifying needs, selecting priority issue, observations, assessment and evaluation of the project which was a great challenge for me. Furthermore, lack of resources was a big issue as Learning Resource Center was full most of the time and lots of budgeting issues for assessment, evaluation and on articles but with the great support of preceptor and ongoing facilitation by my facilitator made my life easy in the completion of running the project successfully, smoothly and timely. Recommendations: There are certain recommendations in regards of nursing documentation. Policy of Documentation should be reviewed on daily basis in unit for the knowledge and bring improvement in nursing documentation. Secondly, sessions, quizzes on the nursing documentation should be conducted every month by assigned nursing staffs or Clinical Nurse Instructor (CNI) in order to observe staff knowledge. Furthermore, 8 steps of audit checklist need to be followed and referred. Moreover, nursing documentation should be done by utilizing audit tool every quarterly, for the improvement of practices and monitoring of compliance to documentation policy. Conclusion: To conclude, I will say that documentation plays a vital role in nursing practice because this communicates health care providers about patient assessment, planning, interventions and evaluation of the patient condition. Moreover, it an ethical issue that is a legal documentation and ultimately this safe staff for any legal actions. Documentation shows honesty and care for the patient which should be done on time. If care is not documented, it means its not done. In the last, I would say that this project enhanced my learning. It provided me an opportunity to work as a team member with staff, Head Nurse (HN) and Clinical Nurse Instructor (CNI). This project also enhanced my leadership style what I learned the concept in class. Despite of all this, the project helped me to work independently and to study about nursing documentation in depth. Moreover I learned to integrate new concepts and model that would further help me in my profession career.

George Orwell :: essays research papers

Eng. 12 Essay #3 Revision Save Face Or Do What’s Right? In the essay "Shooting an elephant" George Orwell describes an incident he had while working as an Imperial Police officer in Burma. An elephant had gone out of control and was loose in a town. He was forced to make a decision on whether to follow the will of the local people, or to save the elephant's life. Orwell knew it was wrong to kill the elephant. He had not wanted to from the beginning. He had brought a gun just in case he might need it. When he finally came to the elephant, who was peacefully eating outside of the town it no longer posed a threat. But, a large group of people had formed behind him, and they were now expecting him to kill the elephant, giving them a show and some food. The people who had abused him the entire time he had been in Burma now found him worth some interest. If he didn't kill the elephant, he would be disappointing all of the people. He considered it his job at that point to impress the people. So he killed the elephant for the people, hoping to gain respect from them. In my personal experience, I was once faced with a situation like Orwells. I was put in a situation where I had the choice of saving face or doing what was right, unlike Orwell I chose to do what was right. This passed week it happened, A couple of friends were going to Philadelphia to go to a overnight club. They were going to stay there for three days, which meant I would have missed three days of school and work. My friends were pressuring me to go, fortunately for me I don’t care what people say or think about me. They called me names. They said I was chicken, nothing serious, but it hurts when your own friends call you names. When they were leaving they called me one last time. They kept pressuring me to go. Like In "

Working Overtime and Job Satisfaction in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao

[pic] Working overtime and Job satisfaction in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao Name: Yujie Hou Relation No. 74759 Mentor: Sandy Loup Internship in Front Desk & Executive Lounge, Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, China Stenden University Leeuwarden The Netherlands Bachelor of International Hospitality Management September, 2012 Table of content Declaration of own work3 Introduction4 Chapter 1. Company Description5 Chapter 2. Project Exploration8 Chapter 3. Literature Review9 3. 1 Working overtime9 3. People who work overtime12 3. 3 The reasons of working long hours12 3. 4 Job satisfaction and working overtime13 3. 5 Conceptual model. 15 3. 6 Problem definition16 Chapter 4. Methodology16 4. 1 Research design16 4. 2 Instrument design17 4. 3 Limitations of Research Methods17 4. 4 Data Analyze18 Bibliography19 Appendix 1. 21 Appendix 2. 22 Declaration of own work 1. This work is composed by me. 2. This work has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree or diploma, by me or anyone else. 3. The work of which this is a record is done well and truly by me. 4.All verbatim extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and the sources of my information have been specifically acknowledged. Date: September 01, 2012 Name: Yujie Hou Signature: Introduction In 1993-1994, 23% of females and 27% of males claimed to have worked unpaid overtime (Bell and Hart, 1999). The Beijing Bureau of Statistics said employed people in China's capital worked for 5. 9 days, or 47. 2 hours, a week on average (Xinhua News Agency, 2006). An online survey of 15,000 people from a well-known Chinese job-hunting website shows a shocking figure that over 40% of the respondents worked vertime without paid. An incredible reality from Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions reported that more than 50% of Hong Kong women who have full-time jobs work overtime at least two hours every day. Why do Chinese people work overtime become an ordinary phenomenon? How do they feel about working overtime? How do Chinese feel about having to work overtime? Do they feel happy? Can the company get more benefits from employee working overtime? The relationship between overtime working and job satisfaction and how working overtime involves in job satisfaction could be discovered.On behalf of understanding, measuring and improving job satisfaction is an advantage competitive in hotel management team. Therefore, this project mainly focuses on figuring out how working overtime impacts on job satisfaction, and in order to help managers in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao to get a better method of measuring working overtime and improving employee satisfaction. First of all, a company description is given in the report. In this chapter, not only the general knowledge of the company itself will be introduced, but also the figures of staff turn over, salary of employees and a SWOT analysis are given.The following chapter Project Exploration high lighting the purpose of this management project, furthermore, the litterateurs are reviewed in the following chapter, a conceptual map is drawed into detail points, problem statement and research questions are mentioned as well. Last but not least, the chapter of Methodology decribes a method of research method, instrument design, data collecting, data measuring and analysing. Chapter 1. Company Description The full name of the company is Shanghai Hongqiao Yuanyi Hilton, which is a joint venture business with Yuanyi Group and Hilton Worldwide.Yuanyi Group is the owner of hardware facilities and real estate, Hilton hotels ; resorts is a managerial role in the property. The company is a sub-brand of Hilton worldwide, which is Hilton hotels ;amp; resorts. It is a full service five star hotel which opened in October of 2010. The facilities of the hotel are complete, plush and luxury. The company is located in Hongqiao Economic and Technical Development Zone, is just 15 minutes from Hongqiao Airport (Terminal I) and 13km from People's Square in the hea rt of Shanghai.Apart from the above events, there is a buffet restaurant Essence indulging in fine Pan Asian and Mediterranean cuisine at the all-day and sample authentic Cantonese dishes at Yue Xuan which is an a la cart restaurant. Additionally, Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao provides a business center, lobby lounge Pulse, Delicatessen, Vine Bar, fitness center and a stay connected Executive Lounge to satisfy the diverse needs of the guests The company places marketing emphasis on both business travelers and leisure travelers, and also Japanese guests which is a main market for the company itself.There are over 500 work members in this company, which including foreigners, locals and also staffs from other cities in China. Most of the head office managers and directors are foreigners. Full-time contract employee accounts for 72. 8%, and the part-time contract employee takes up12. 4 percentage in this company mostly in banqueting and Essence restaurant and the trainees occupy 14. 8 percen tages. The company is a newly opened hotel, and the executive building was just partly open in April, 2012.The biggest problem of the Human Resource Department is the talent gap. In order to attract more new interviewees, every Wednesday is the company Open day and people can go to the Human Resource department to hand in their CVs without an appointment. Through the monthly employee party, it can be seen that there are always new staffs join in the Hilton family. As the information shared from the HR assistant manager, the staff turn over of year 2011 was 13. 1%, it is higher than the average hotel staff turn over rate which is 10% in Shanghai (Fang Xu, 2010).The turn over of head office employees in this company is also very high, during the period of the author's internship, the General Manager, Director of Finance, Director of the operation, Director of business development, F;B manager, Front Office Manager, three Duty managers played job-hopping to another company. There are 1 1 levels accounted in Hilton, such as GM is the highest level which is 11 and trainee is level one. The salary of the trainee is 1,000RMB, around 120 per month. The biggest employee amount is level three, the average salary is 2,800RMB (=â‚ ¬346) per month, supervisors are at level 5 which can own 3,400RMB (=â‚ ¬419. ) per month. As an example gave within duty managers, the salary of foreigner' is three times than the Chinese employee in the same level position. A following SWOT analysis table shows an overall idea of the company's both internal and external conditions. The internal part includes Strengths and Weaknesses. The Strengths are more focuses on the company facilities and around the environment. For instance, the golf court is a big strong point of Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, which is just in a walking distance. The weaknesses are mostly from the guest complains.For example, the 80RMB of parking fee is a big guest complains in this company and it happens almost everyda y. Three separated buildings are a weak point because it is very complicated for the guests to find the direction. The service quality is a frequent criticism object from customers. The external part is focused on the financial environment and competitors. Shanghai attracts 215 million domestic tourists and 8. 5 million foreign tourists in 2010. In addition, tourism revenue of Shanghai in 2010 is 305. 3 billion RMB (Shanghai tourist development report, 2012).There are 44 five-star hotels and 64 four-star hotels in Shanghai and 11 five-star and 7 boutique hotels are building up. Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao won the ‘Top Seller' in September 2012 in Asia Pacific area. The company has a lot of opportunities and it is a great time, but also it is facing with various challenges. Table 1. Chapter 2. Project Exploration During a period of 10 months, it turned out that it apparently it was difficult for employees to finish their tasks within the required time resulting in having to work o ver time.In hotel operation departments, there are three shifts, in general, morning shift staffs working from 7am till 3pm, the afternoon shift from 3pm till 11pm, and the rest hours are evening shift. However, most of the employees in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao will spend quite long time in the shift turnover period, and it leads directly to work overtime in everyday and in every department. Furthermore, these over hours will not be counted into paid overtime working. Front office is not the only department, but it apparently most frequently in the company.Moreover, as it was written in the previous chapter, the turnover rate in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao is higher than the average rate. Especially in front desk department, since 2011 November till 2012 September there were 5 employees quitted their job who had worked there over one year and 9 trainees had not worked over 6 months which means they quit before they became a formal staff. It be seen through the first two sentences writt en in the introductory chapter that working overtime is very normal in China and the reality shows it is a truth in Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao.This project is trying to identify the relationship between working overtime and job satisfaction, and enhance to give the managers of Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao a further consideration of monitoring overtime working and improving employee satisfaction. Meanwhile, job satisfaction is a source of long-term competitive advantage in the hospitality industry, by the core values of Hilton Worldwide which is described as Hospitality, Integrity, Leadership, Teamwork, Ownership and Now, each values have a strong connection with job satisfaction.For the Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao, this management project could be a helpful way to get more involved into employee satisfaction and measuring overtime working as well. Chapter 3. Literature Review This chapter concentrates in working overtime and job satisfaction. Figure has an intuitive feeling to compare the di fferent hours of working overtime in different places, so the first paragraph research figures to give an overview of working overtime in selected places and according to law and compare with China's situation.The following two paragraphs are in an attempt to find out who works overtime, and the reasons of people work overtime. Furthermore, the job satisfaction of different genders, the importance of job satisfaction and the relationship between job satisfaction and overtime working will be reviewed in the last paragraph. Last but not least a conceptual model covers the main point which includes the literature review. 3. 1 Working overtime In this part, the definition of working overtime is given, and some figures of overtime hours in different countries and a table of standard and maximum working hours for comparison.Working overtime is normally approved in advance by the Head of Department and is agreed in order to complete work for a deadline or to meet additional demands. Howeve r, the initial periods of less than half an hour are not classified as work overtime. Additional hours or overtime will not qualify for payments until the member of staff has worked to their number of basic contractual weekly hours (Working additional hours and overtime, 2011). Pascal and Damien (2000) found that about 20% of European employees work 45 or more hours a week, and about 13% of the full-time employee's weekly work over 50 hours.Long work hours are also a common phenomenon in the United States: more than 1/4 of US men and 11% of women work more than 50 hours a week (Jacobs ; Gerson, 2004). In addition, extreme overtime work is pervasive in Korea and Japan where many employees work more than 60 hours a week (Amagasa, Nakayama, ; Takahashi, 2005). A reach showed that there are only 13. 7 percent worked for no more than eight hours a day in China, 40. 3% worked eight to nine hours, 23. 48 percent put in nine to 10 hours a day and 22. 0 percent worked more than 10 hours (Xin hua News Agency, 2006). In generally overtime work is a common phenomenon in both Asian and Western countries. Working overtime also occurs in developed countries both in Asia and Western. Moreover, China has the most numbers of populations who work over 8 hours everyday which accounts at 86. 3%. The following figure gives a clear picture of the standard working hours in selected places, and the maximum overtime hours allowed in the law and also the overtime pay rate. |Table 2. | | | |Selected places |Standard working |Maximum overtime hours allowed |Overtime pay rate | | |Hours | | | |Finland |8 hours/day |Up to 138 hours within a period of 4 months |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay for the first two hours | | |40 hours/Week |Up to 250 hours during a calendar year. |2 times for any extra hours. | | |The yearly maximum can be exceeded at 80 hours on a local agreement. | | |France |35 hours /week |Up to 220 hours per year. |Each hour of overtime is payable at 10% to 50% higher than the | | | |This limit may be exceeded with a collective agreement between the employer |regular hourly rate, depending on the cumulative total overtime | | | |and employee. |hours worked. |Ireland |48 hours /week |No specification of legal maximum overtime hours The actual working hours |No statutory obligation on employers to pay employees higher rates | | | |may fluctuate considerably as long as the average working hour per week is |for overtime works. | | | |not more than 48 hours over 4, 6 or 12 months (depending on circumstances) | | |Japan |8 hours /day |Up to 2 hours per day for jobs this may cause harm to health. No lower than the rate stipulated by Cabinet Order within the range| | |40 hours/week | |of no less than 25% and no more than 50% over the normal wage per | | | | |hour or per day. | |Malaysia |8 hours /day |Up to 4 hours per day except under special occasions. |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay. | | |48 hours /week | | | |Singapore |8 hours /day |Up to 72 hours per month |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay. | |44 hours/week | | | |South Korea |8 hours /day |Up to 4 hours per day |1. 5 times of the regular rate of pay. | | |40 hours /week |Up to 12 hours per week. | | |Taiwan |8 hours /day |Up to 4 hours per day and 46 hours per month. |; 2 hours, at least an additional 1/3 of the regular hourly rate. | | |84 hours two week | |2

Little Biographys essays

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Orthodox Jewish family Essay Example for Free

Orthodox Jewish family Essay (1) Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Exodus 20:8 Describe in detail the way in which a fully observant Orthodox Jewish family would keep this mitzvah. You should explain the symbolism of the various ceremonies and rituals where relevant Shabbat is the only Jewish holiday enjoined by the Ten Commandments, making it an especially important one to the whole family. It is observed on the seventh day in commemoration of the seventh day on which God rested after completing the Creation, and of Gods role in history and his covenant with the Jewish people. Along with all Orthodox Jews, the family are strictly obligated to sanctify Shabbat at home and in the synagogue. They will all avoid work on this day and will engage in worship and study. The Talmud specifies the activities which they are to abstain from and, being Orthodox, the family would say that anything resembling these is work and is therefore forbidden on Shabbat. They stop their creative work in order to reflect on the powers God has given, making sure they make the right use of them. A member of the family, usually the mother or father, will use a Jewish calendar, diary or newspaper to find out the precise time Shabbat begins on that Friday evening. This is because it varies from week to week and it is therefore uncertain to which day the period between sunset and nightfall begins. Knowing the correct time is important to the whole family to ensure they are observing the rules for Shabbat for the exact length of time God expects from them and because the time division follows the biblical story of creation: And there was evening and there was morning, one day (Genesis 1:5). Shabbat lasts from sunset on Friday evening to sunset on Saturday. Before Shabbat each member of the family will carry out the necessary preparations so that they wont need or want to undertake any of the forbidden activities. For example, the mother will have prepared all the meals needed because God said it was important to have three meals during Shabbat, but that they should still abstain from growing or preparing the food. Modern technology has made this easier because the Jews are able to put their meals in slow cookers and although the parents arent able to create a fire or turn on the heating, they are able to set a timer for the heating. The light on the fridge is also taped up so that the fridge can be opened without breaking the Shabbat rule, not to create fire or light. It is usually the mother that thoroughly cleans the house and gets all the necessary shopping beforehand because cleaning is seen as work and is therefore forbidden. The use of a car is also forbidden, so the parents will be unable to drive to shops. Collecting food is also seen as work because the Israelites had to collect manna in the wilderness. The whole family must have prepared their clothes for the day, because the mother is unable to iron or sew. Children must have completed any homework or jobs that have to be done, before the Friday evening, because the completion of work and writing is also forbidden. The children must also be able to leave school early (especially during winter) in order to ensure they have enough time to arrive home before Shabbat begins. If either of the parents have jobs, they must make sure that everything important is completed and that they wont need to speak to colleagues because they are unable to use the phone or machines such as computers and fax machines. The Shabbat table must be laid by the family beforehand because the meal that they share on the Friday evening is very important, even members of the family that have left home try to return for this meal because it unites them. Each member of the family has a bath before sunset and wears their best clothes, for the meal. All members of the family will try to wear some white to symbolise purity and hope. It is important to the whole family to abstain from these activities, and many more, during Shabbat. This is because the Talmud lists them as forbidden and says that God made the seventh day holy by resting after making the world, therefore the opportunity to rest is the mark of being free and Shabbat offers this opportunity. The Shabbat preparations involve everyone in the family, from the youngest upwards because, although there are synagogue services to attend, the main focus of Shabbat revolves around the home and is a day for the family to share together. In preparation for the approaching day of holiness, the woman of the house must light white candles before the sunset. This not only welcomes Shabbat, but it also symbolises peace coming into the house, joy, blessing and serenity, because God created light. For the family, the home is central to the celebration of Shabbat and this is an important duty for the woman. She will then recite the berachah of God, all in hope of driving away any sorrow and unhappiness. The father then takes an important role in welcoming the Shabbat. He says a special blessing over bread and wine and the emphasis of the family is expressed by blessing the children and reciting proverbs in honour of his wife. A fathers blessing is very important for the Jews because Abraham began the custom with their ancestors. The males in the family will attend an evening service in the synagogue. The service is attended to welcome Shabbat as a bride. The husband is the Jewish people. The women do not attend this service because it is felt that their place is at home at this time. They are also very busy with preparations and the rituals they partake in to welcome Shabbat. The men greet each other by saying Shabbat shalom, which wishes them a good and peaceful Shabbat. They also say hymns and psalms and recite blessings, like Kiddush, over wine. The Shabbat celebratory meal is eaten on the Friday evening. Each Friday morning, usually, the mother will bake fresh Challot (sweet braided loaves) because as it bakes it produces an amazing aroma that fills the house and reminds the family that Shabbat is on its way. Everybody washes their hands as a symbol of purity to give Shabbat the best welcome possible. Before the meal, after the father has blessed the family, he recites the prayer of holiness so that each member of the family is involved, by saying Amen at the end of each blessing. Kiddush begins the meal because it sets a special atmosphere and gives a sense of occasion. Kiddush is said because it is an important way of sanctify the meal. One of the adults in the family will recite part of the Genesis; this has the importance of teaching the children because it speaks of God resting after creating the world. This helps the family understand the importance of Shabbat and sticking to its rules. Throughout the meal, many items are present and many actions take place that are an important part of the festival. A white tablecloth is laid out on the family dining table before the meal, symbolising the purity. The woman of the house, or whoever has prepared the meal, must ensure it is eaten with the best cutlery and crockery because it is important that the family welcome the Shabbat with the utmost significance and treat it like a queen or bride. Two candles are used to give extra brightness than usual and to symbolise the extra or double soul that each member of the family has on Shabbat. This number of candles also has many other meanings that different members of the family will believe in. The adults present often believe that it symbolises the number of parents in an ideal family and the different commandments that have to be observed on Shabbat. The family may also believe it is an important symbol of past (creation) and future (exodus). Two loaves are placed on the table, and blessings are said over them. The double portion is an important reminder of when the Israelites were in the wilderness after the Exodus and a double portion of Manna was left for them so that they wouldnt have to collect any on Shabbat. The loaves are covered by a cloth called a Hallah, symbolising the dew over the manna. This is important because it makes the meal even more special and precious to the family. The hallah dressed the bread like a bride and protects its sensitivities. The two loaves, that the family eat, must be plaited to represent God, Israel and the Torah which are important when bound together in the bread because they are mutually dependant, showing the family that the three cant exist without each other. After the blessings, a piece of bread is dipped in salt and given to each member of the family. The parents or children will often have invited guests to this special meal and they are also given a piece of the salted brea d because hospitality is always greatly important to the Jewish faith and its festivals. The knife that is used to cut the bread for each member of the family is covered during the meal because the knife is a weapon of war and violence. The parents want to protect the children from this and emphasise that Shabbat is a time of peace and harmony. During the meal, a plaited candle is always present to symbolise Gods omnipresence and the potential in every human being. After the meal a special grace is said by a member of the family and Bible stories are told to the children to spread joy and happiness whilst they learn. The whole meal and the preparation involved is extremely important to the whole family because it brings them together on one of the most important days of the week and reminds them of their dependence on God for all that is good in life. Sometimes the family may sing songs at the table, which emphasise the joy and togetherness that Shabbat brings. On Shabbat morning the whole family will attend a synagogue service, which is one of the most important and central parts of the festival. It is the chief bond uniting the family with each other and other Jews. The parents ensure that the service is attended because it keeps the family as part of a worshipping community. It is often three hours long for everyone to fully appreciate the importance of the holiday. The males and females will sit separately during the service. The parents arent allowed to use the car during Shabbat, so the family are likely to walk to the synagogue together. The Rabbi leads the family and others in prayer, during the service. The men of the family refrain from wearing their Tefillin whilst praying because Rabbis say that Shabbat is a sign of Gods relationship with the Jews and no other sign is required. Every Shabbat one, or maybe two, scrolls are taken out of the Ark and as it is opened each family member will join the congregation in singing the first line of the Shema. The scroll is then carried round the synagogue with great rejoicing. The men will kiss their tallit as they touch the passing Torah, before it is taken up to the bimah. Having the Torah read to the Orthodox family, from the bimah, is very important because it reminds them of the altar in the Temple. The father may be involved in carrying the scroll and other members of the family may be called up to read or recite a blessing. If a boy in the family has had his 13th birthday during the previous week he celebrates his Bar Mitzvah during this service. This is a Jewish custom and makes the birthday extremely special for the young boy and his family. This is all a very important part of the service, especially for the family, because it involves them in the joy and gives them a sense of identity. The readings, by members of the congregation, are said before or after a portion of the Torah is read. This is then followed by the chanting of the Haftara. Psalms are also read to the whole congregation, by the Rabbi, during his sermon. These readings are all very important to the family because Jews look upon the Torah and Shabbat as Gods two greatest gifts to them. Kiddush is said again at the end of the service as an important blessing. As the family leave the synagogue they wish each other and, members of the congregation, Shabbat Shalom. This wishes them the peace of Shabbat. Often guests will be invited back to the familys home for the afternoon because hospitality is a great feature of Shabbat and the religion. Attending the service each week helps them to show their dedication to God and ensures the day is lived as a celebration and not an annoyance. The synagogue service is usually held in the morning, leaving the family with the afternoon free to enjoy the Shabbat holiday. A lunch is often eaten similar to the meal eaten the night before. Kiddush is again said over Challot to sanctify the remaining hours of the holiday and keep them just as special as the rest. The festival forbids many things, but there are still plenty of activities each member of the family can partake in. They may set time aside in order to study the Torah, this will remind them about what matters most to Jews the family and the Torah. They will spend time, during Shabbat, thinking about what God intends human life to be because Jews realise that it is important to God that there is human co-operation. All Jews want to help make the world a better place, and the family may spend this time thinking of ways in which they can achieve this. This can also be done in the synagogue during an afternoon service, if the family want to attend. If not, they may choose to go for a walk to spend more time together because family is seen as very important. If the adults are feeling particularly social, they may hold a gathering at their home to express outwardly the happiness inherent in the Shabbat holiday. Hospitality has also been very important to Jews because it is a custom that occurs in many festivals and goes back to the times of Abraham, so friends and family are invited. The group entertain them selves with drama, community discussions, lectures and singing. The children can play games and music. Usually the mother or father will provide refreshments that can be offered round by themselves or the children, in order to complement the congenial atmosphere and perpetuate the Talmuds recommendation to eat three full meals that day. As the day draws to an end, a special ceremony is held in the familys home to mark the end of Shabbat. It is said at any time after nightfall in order to give the day a departing ceremony. This is to show how special and important it is to them. They may choose to attend this ceremony at their local synagogue, to give a sense of socialism and community, instead of at home. Wine and candles are used to welcome the Shabbat and the same symbols are used for its departure. A chosen member of the family will say a special blessing called the Havdalah, which means division. It is said to emphasise the idea of separation (between light and dark, sacred and the profane, Israel and other nations and Shabbat from weekdays). It praises God for all these separations. The family then chant two other blessings, the first over sweet smelling spices and the second over a lighted candle. The spice box is passed around each member of the family, in the hope that the deeds of the next week will be sweetened. The spices are also important for the family to be able to remember Shabbat throughout the week, by the sweet scent of the spices. The lit candle is a very important symbol for the departure of Shabbat because fire can now be kindled, after having been forbidden for the past day. Each member of the family then spreads their hands towards the light to express the thought that light is Gods gift and is too be used to good purpose. It also reminds them that the first thing God created was light. With the end of Shabbat, the first day of creation begins. The family have used all five senses of smell, sight, taste, hearing and touch throughout this ceremony and this heightens the spirituality of the festival. The mother or father will end the ceremony by putting out the candle with the wine as the rest of the family sing songs that ask for help and for the arrival of the messianic age. (2) Discuss the ways in which the lives of this family will be affected by their observance of this mitzvah, and the reasons why they are enthusiastic about keeping the traditional Sabbath practices alive in modern times. The familys lives will be affected in many ways by their observance of Shabbat. It is the most difficult mitzvah of the year and will put each member of the family under pressure. There are lots of ways in which the festival can be very difficult and many Orthodox Jews would feel that although it is a day meant for rest it actually makes life more stressful, by having to fit it in around the busy, hectic lifestyles of todays society. The word Sabbath means rest, but in the home of an Orthodox family a great deal of work has to be done before the day. Friday becomes busier than any other day of the week and this puts the family under more stress to get everything completed on time. The whole house must be cleaned, food cooked and all jobs finished before sunset. Someone in the family also has to take even more time out in order to find the exact time in which Shabbat begins that week. This has to be done before Friday evening and can be difficult because the time is only displayed on some Jewish calendars and newspapers. This causes extra stress before the day has even begun. Orthodox women are not obliged to pray during Shabbat, wear the Tefillin or read the Torah at the services so it seems that the festival is easier for them and has less effect on their lives, but this is not so because there is lots that they are obliged to do. They must always keep to the traditional guidelines to set a good example to the children. It is usually the women who have to take time off work and important jobs in order to prepare for Shabbat. They must cook the meal, clean the house, light the candles and carry out traditional rituals like the removing of a piece of dough whilst the bread is baking. Women work more these days and preparation for Shabbat can be virtually impossible or can make their lives very hectic, making it difficult for them to obtain certain jobs and complete work on time. The men in the family are obliged to attend the Synagogue on Friday evening to pray, whereas the women arent. This could have the effect of dividing the family on an occasion which is meant to be joyous and bonding occasion. This may be difficult for the younger men in the family because they will see their sisters and mothers being able to stay at home on the Friday evening. As with the adult women, the men will also have to take time off work to observe the Sabbath in the traditional way and this can cause stress over the early or late completion, or worry over what is happening whilst they abstain from work, because they are unable to communicate via technology like the telephone and computer. Traditional observance of Shabbat will affect the choice of job the adults make because they have to ensure that they will be able to take at least a whole day off, each week. Using the car is forbidden and even using public transport, which means that the parents cant travel any distances a nd therefore cant make any important trips. This can have bad affects within businesses because it prevents problems from being solved as quickly as possible. Taking this time of work can cause a reduced wage, which can have a disastrous effect on the whole family. Life can be even more expensive if you have a family and so they would need as much money as possible. This could make it difficult to find enough money to buy essentials and pay the bills. To make things worse Shabbat can be an expensive holiday to have each week because to for an Orthodox family to observe it, they would need the correct bread and candles, good crockery and posh clothes. The family would also lose even more money by having to abstain from creativity, which means leaving the heating and lights on for the whole day, if they dont have timers. Not only do the candles cost money but they are a hazard to have in a family home. The constant lighting and close contact could cause a fire, effectively ruining homes and lives. They are also dangerous to have around children, especially the very young or babies. If accidentally left unattended the candles could cause the death of a child. The many forbidden activities on a traditional Shabbat could make the parents feel as though they are wasting a day because they are unable to get on with important jobs around the house. Even the children may feel they are wasting homework time. Not being able to work would have a very bad effect on teenagers because they would be unable to revise for important exams and would lose a day each week for coursework. University and sixth form students are unable to write essays and coursework over this time. This could ultimately affect their school and exam results, which affects their lives and futures. Children often have to leave school early, especially during winter, because it is a tradition to be home before sunset so that you can welcome in the Shabbat with the family. This can cause them to miss important information and work each week. It also puts them under stress to catch up on missed work, at the same time as new work. Teenagers and sixth form students are unable to get Saturday jobs, so they have less money than their friends and less to pay school fees. This can make life even more of a struggle during their education. This Orthodox family may have to abstain from doing things which they enjoy, during this free time, because they have been defined as work. This can be very frustrating because different people consider different things as work. Sometimes people choose to do things which are hard work to others, because they enjoy them. This makes it hard to abstain from doing these, whilst they have all this free time. The laws of Shabbat mean that food and milk cant be heated for babies. This can make it difficult for parents to feed them and if they dont get the correct food and nutrients it can cause health problems in the future. In todays society, a traditional Shabbat can have a particularly restrictive affect on children and can cause boredom, which leads to resentment against the festival and even the religion. If there are no afternoon activities planned and no television or computers allowed the day can become very boring. Modern society relies on things like television and computer games as a form of entertainment; it is very difficult for children to give this up each week. They are unable to participate in many weekend activities like other children their age and this can have a depressing affect on children, causing them to feel left out and isolated. It can also lead to bullying or loss of friends, which can have a devastating affect on children. Teenagers cant go shopping or even use mobile phones, causing them to feel isolated or cut off from society and their friends. Taking part in traditional rituals and practices on Shabbat can make the children, and even the parents, feel like an exhibit, different and as though they are not normal. Shabbat often doesnt fit in with local cultures and modern society work practices. This is made even worse by the fact that the Christian Sabbath, which is the majority, celebrate Sabbath on the Sunday. They can see everyone else going out and leading what society sees as a normal life. This can encourage bullying and a lack of enthusiasm for the festival. There are just too many rules to follow and all the dos and donts make the Jews sound weird to other people, affecting their lives in the community and creating a problem for the family, in distinguishing what can and cant be done. Using the car is forbidden on Shabbat, making the day even more difficult for the family, especially if they have young children or elderly or disabled members of the family. This means that walking long distances can become an almost impossibility. In Orthodox, traditional observance the family are meant to walk no further than 1 and 3 quarters miles. This is still a long distance and will tire certain members and make the trip feel like a chore. This also means that, to keep this rule, the family have to buy a house within this distance from a synagogue. This reduces their choice and can leave them feeling unhappy with the area they live in. However, for an Orthodox family, the Jewish rules become such a complete way of life that they cant and wont break the traditional observance, despite any restrictions and difficult effects it has. Tradition- doing things the way they have always been done- is very important in Judaism. It comes every week and is an important reminder of Gods creation. Shabbat itself symbolises the covenant God has with the Jewish people and this emphasises why they are so enthusiastic about keeping traditional practices, they feel these practices thank God , praising him for the covenant and creation, and help them feel closer to him. Despite the pressures involved, Shabbat is so unique that it must be respected by behaving differently, to differentiate it from the rest of the week, there are also many positive ways in which the day affects the lives of each member of the family and causes them to be enthusiastic about observing it in the traditional way. They festival has so many benefits for the family, heightening the enthusiasm. Orthodox Jews hold very firmly to the teachings of the Torah because they were revealed by God to Moses. The observance of Shabbat is the fourth commandment. This rule came from God, so strict Jews, such as this family, have no objections against it and enjoy the challenge Shabbat creates, seeing it as a necessity to their religious faith. Many Jews would say that all the festivals are wonderful occasions and Shabbat provides a discipline to life which brings family togetherness, right from childhood and this is seen as a wonderful thing. The adults in the family are particularly enthusiastic about keeping the tradition of a day of rest, because it allows them to set time aside to study the Torah and Talmud. This is important to them for guidance in life and to learn new things, whilst enabling them to pass their Jewish knowledge to the children. Shabbat affects the way in which the next generation of Jews will develop because the parents are more able (through the festivities) to teach their children a sense of values and pass on what is believed to be right. The children will realise a sense of right and wrong, what is of real value in life and how people should behave. Shabbat is also a time for relaxing with the family. Nowadays, many people live highly stressful lives. People work too hard and Shabbat gives them time to remember whats really important in life. They are continually hurrying to get things done and families seldom have time to just be together. Shabbat is like calling time out, everything stops and an incredible peace descends on the family. A traditional Shabbat is important to them because they are able to spend time together in an unhurried, relaxed atmosphere. The family like to keep it traditional and abstain from work to feel relieved, happy and to aim for better spirituality, whilst feeling better physically. The opportunity to rest is the mark of being free, and the family know a traditional Shabbat offers this. This increases their enthusiasm for the holiday because it is enjoyable and they are able to talk about what has happened to each of them during the week. This is a nice change from always watching the television, ensuring that the family dont become more and more distant from each other. They want to keep it traditional, as their Jewish ancestors would have celebrated it, because their heritage is extremely important to them and is wonderfully satisfying. It is keeping Jewish culture alive and unites the family with all Jewish communities in the world to give them security and a sense of identity. Children may find the day restrictive, but most parents will try not to make it so. After a hard working week the whole family look forward to Shabbat because its a pleasure to come together, relax, eat a meal together, be able to talk and have some time to read without interruption. Some Jewish families feel pressurised to have certain objects at Shabbat, like fine cutlery or a white tablecloth, but the traditions and nature of the festival teach the family that its not the objects, but the actions that are important. Its having the loaves of bread on the table, not what covers them that matters. Many Orthodox Jews are enthusiastic about the practices of Shabbat each week because it is a day out of the twentieth century for a change. A day of rest and relaxation. All the traditions like candles, songs, a special meal affects each individual. It provides a sense of wellbeing and fulfilment, as though everything they do is right. This means they enjoy life more and have something to look forward to each week. It is a festival primarily enjoyed in the home, which affects the lives of the family in a very positive way and is important because the home is a very special place in the Jewish faith. It is the central point of the religion and is of great spiritual and physical importance because it is where we learnt to talk, walk, feed and play. This reflects on how the family feel about Shabbat. Instead of feeling like they are being cooped up inside all day, they feel there is much to learn and share. They are able to have a celebratory meal together and even invite friends and re latives, to be hospitable and make it more enjoyable. During the meal, the family are able to have deep and interesting discussions lasting long into the night. It is quality time, a time of connection, communication and inclusion. The women are especially enthusiastic to observe the tradition of candles and the lighting, because it is seen as a lovely sharing time which brings mums, daughters, grans, friends and guests close in the warmth and beauty of the moment. It is important to them, to know that Jewish women all over the globe do the same thing, and that gives a wonderful feeling of unity. Baking home made Challot for Shabbat is very satisfying for the women in the family. They are still able to keep the tradition, even if they are unable to bake their own, because it is easy to buy some from tasty Jewish bakeries that are now around. The celebratory meal fills the house with many wonderful aromas of traditional Shabbat food, including from the lunch for the next day, this increase the enthusiasm of everyone involved and especially entices the children to keep the festival traditional, whilst reminding and teaching everyone present of their dependence on God for all that is good in life. As technology progresses, keeping the traditions of Shabbat has become easier for the whole family, which makes them more enthusiastic to observe it as it always has been. For example, the family may eat a dish called cholent for lunch. This will be left to keep warm on the stove, the low flame of which will be covered with a sheet of metal called a blech. This covers the flame and controls of the stove, as no cooking is allowed over the entire Shabbat. Modern appliances have made it much easier for Orthodox Jews to keep to the rules of Shabbat, which inevitably increases their enthusiasm for keeping the holiday traditional. For example, timers can be set for things like the heating and lights so that they dont have to be left on for the whole of Shabbat. This saves the family money that would have cost previous Jews. Machines can be programmed to do things at certain times, like cookers and even computers, so essential work may not be missed. The synagogue plays a very important part in Jewish worship. This is part of the reason why the family are enthusiastic to keep the festival traditional, by attending special services to worship God. The Friday evening study services at the synagogue help the family to better understand the Torah and how to live your life, the service will not only help them to strictly observe Shabbat, but it also brings the congregation together and the family can be more social, making new friends or just spending time with ones they already know. The children can also attend youth services and groups that help them meet with other Jews their own age. They can learn about fun things surrounding Shabbat and it helps them realise that although Saturday is a special day out for their non-Jewish friends, it is just as special, in so many ways, to the Jews. As well as attending these services, the children can also conduct their own, which would be more appropriate to their interests and much more suit able and interesting for the youths of the congregation. This also helps them to become practically involved with the religion as well as giving them key skills in preparation, speech giving and co-operation which are very important. The services during Shabbat are especially important to young boys, because the first Shabbat after their 13th birthday is when their Bar Mitzvah is held. They are especially enthusiastic to keep it traditional around this time because it is a celebratory custom that has been conducted since the time of Abraham. The Orthodox family would have found their home near to a synagogue, because walking there each Shabbat is a tradition they would want to keep. By not using the car for a whole day each week, the family are saving money that non- Jews wouldnt. This makes them more enthusiastic to keep the tradition of only walking, to travel, on Shabbat. The walk can have a very positive effect on the family, giving them time to spend together and a chance to walk rather than constantly depending on the car, because life is always a rush. It slows life down, giving each individual a chance to think. After the services there are lots of afternoon activities that take place to prevent boredom. These will often happen in the home. The children and parents can get much enjoyment and happiness out of this hospitality. They make new friends, feel part of the community and can play games or show off certain talents in drama and singing. These activities are fun and still keep to the rules of Shabbat. This makes it seem less restrictive and encourages the family to keep it traditional. The free afternoons are also a perfect time for the children to importantly widen their knowledge on the religion. Any festival has its negative effects on those that observe all its rules, but despite these the family are still enthusiastic about keeping the traditional Sabbath practices alive because they can all become involved and enjoy the festivities of their unique day. It is important for parents to bond with their children and to encourage them to do something different when they find it difficult to abstain from televisions and computers. Children may find it particularly difficult and separating from their friends, but it helps them to learn that if your friends are truly genuine and caring, they will respect your religious beliefs as part of who you are. Its a day so different from all the others, that gives each member of the family a sense of identity and by keeping the traditions they can all find their own place in the religion, knowing they are spending the day as their older relatives always have done. They know that, by observing traditional practices, Jews around the world are doing the same things and this emphasises their sense of identity and helping them to feel part of a community. When they are in the homes of other family members or friends, during Shabbat, they know that each ritual will be the same and this provides a welcome structure for the whole family. So to be able to spend a holiday at a friends or relatives house and see the same candles, the same bread and the same wine focuses the mind, to create something beautiful out of very basic objects is very satisfying. (3) For religious people, every day should be holy. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Judaism in your answer. I believe that in religion, every day should be treated as holy because, especially in Judaism, the whole life is directed towards thinking about and putting into practice their faith in God and observance of his guidelines. There are days of the year on which holier rituals are carried out and more time is spent reflecting on the religion, but every day of the week involves activities that are important to the religion and are considered holy. The faith of a Jew is incorporated into every day of their life, giving each one a special holiness because of its dedication to God. The covenant that God created between himself and the Jews is the reason for this. By following the lifestyle advocated by God: And you shall do that which is proper and good in the eyes of Hashem, The Jew is commanded to be holy and to create holiness in themselves. They can experience and contribute to the holiness through many actions. They feel that as a sign of gratitude and commitment every aspect of everyday should be sacred and set apart. They also believe that actions which arent considered holy or being carried out for God should not be done. On an average day, Jews will be thinking about God, their religion and how they should act, which already makes the day more sacred and holy to them, but they aill also partake in lots of rituals that set time apart for remembrance, thanks or even just thought. Even the home, in which every day is spent, is considered holy because of the mezuzah, a parchment scroll on which two passages are written. These command the Jew to write Gods words on the doorpost, setting it apart from other houses. It is a constant reminder of God and his Torah. By having mezuzah in the house as well they can make every room sacred for God. They touch it and then their lips when they enter or leave the room. It is then a permanent visual aid, reminding them of Gods commands in their home life. A typical Jewish day is the best example of the way Jews want every day to be holy. Prayer is not simply something that happens in the synagogue once a week but it is an integral part of everyday life. They are constantly reminded of Gods presence and of their relationship with him because they continually pray to him. The first thought in the morning, even before they get out of bed, is a prayer thanking God for returning their souls to them. The holiness and sanctity continues throughout the day because there are prayers to be recited before enjoying any material pleasure, such as eating and before performing any mitzvah, such as washing and lighting candles. They will also pray whenever something good or bad happens and before they got to bed. These are known as berakhot and have to be said at least 100 times each day to increase the holiness and acknowledge God as the ultimate source of all good and evil in the universe. These prayers are said in addition to the formal ones which are recited three times a day, every weekday. This is to dedicate as much of the day as possible to thought about God and to increase the awareness of the role he plays in their lives. If they only pray when they feel inspired then not every day would be set apart for God. The Talmud states that it is permissible to pray in any language, nut to pray in Hebrew adds a special importance and holiness to each day. Reciting in Hebrew is important because it is the pure essence of Jewish thought and is a responsibility they undertook as part of the covenant made with God. It is also considered a holy language because of its intrinsic characteristics. As well as praying in Hebrew, every time they pray they face Israel. This makes it extra sacred because the Land of Israel is more holy than all other lands. A Jewish day completely revolves around their religion and keeping it holy. This is partly due to the comprehensive way of life, filled with rules and practices that affect every aspect of life: what they can and cannot eat, what they can and cannot wear, how to groom themselves, how to conduct their business and most importantly, how to treat God. These rules and practices are known as Halakhah and is the Jewish law. It gives spirituality to each day and gives all trivial acts a religious significance. They are constantly reminded of their faith and so it becomes an integral part of their entire existence. The daily rituals, I am about to explain, are laws of the Halakhah, instituted in the Torah to keep every day, between holidays, holy. Kashrut is the body of Jewish law that deals with what they can and cannot eat and how it must be prepared and eaten. They call this keeping kosher and it is something the Jews will do every single day of their lives. This involves the maximum removal of blood from their meat and not mixing meat with milk. This is because the Torah commands thou shalt not boil a kid in its mothers milk. Every day, great trouble is put into observing this law, making sure they are not cooked or eaten together. It is observed with exact care as a means to self discipline and purity. This shows their obedience to God and it elevates the simple everyday act of eating into a religious ritual. Even the dinner table, used regularly each day, is holy because it is compared to the Temple altar. A Jew that observes the laws of kashrut cannot eat a meal without being reminded of the fact that they are a Jewish. A Jew will ensure that time is set apart each day to study the Talmud and Torah. They learn more about the religion and achieve guidance in life, whilst proving their commitment to God and keeping his mitzvah. They are able to spend thinking only of this and none of the material things in life, which is very holy and sacred to them. At the heart of the Halakhah is the unchangeable 613 mitzvot that God gave to the Jewish people in the Torah. The Jews keep to all mitzvah (commandments) that apply to them. For example, every day Jews observe the mitzvah to recite grace after meals because the Torah has told them to and that it blesses the Lord. It is also performed out of respect for God and to make the day holier for him because he has ultimately provided them with the food they need to survive. As well as prayer each day, Jews will often visit the synagogue by themselves or with the family, to bring extra holiness to each day. They dont just visit the synagogue for special services and festivals; instead they often go to just pray and be closer to God. Prayer in the synagogue brings them closer to God and allows their mind to be completely focused on God rather than things that are happening in the home. There are many items worn during prayer in the synagogue that are of great significance to each day and the sacredness of prayer. There are three items worn by adult male Jews, each time they pray, as reminders of God and their obligations to him. The first is a prayer shawl, called a Tallit, a white, square or rectangular garment made of wool or silk. The most important feature of it is the fringe tzizit in each four corners. This is very important to remind them of the holy mitzvoth they have to keep each day. The second sacred object is the tephillin, which are two black boxes that contain four passages of the Torah to instruct the Jew. The material it is written on is very important because it comes from a kosher animal and is treated with great respect. This is worn every time the Jew prays. One box is bound to the forehead and the other to the arm opposite the heart. This is important because they remind him that he must worship God with his whole person, the heart and the head. Tephilin are very holy symbols of the covenant because they stress obedience to the Torah. The third item is the kippah. This is a skull-cap worn by the men during prayer. Some wear this all day as a way of expressing their respect for God. To incorporate their faith into everyday and make it holy Jews will fulfil the commandment in the Torah to help those in need, both in physical and financial. They will give at least ten percent of their income to charity. It is a sacred, instinctive response to express thanks to God, ask forgiveness or to request a favour from God. The spiritual benefit of giving to the poor each day is so great because it gives them an opportunity to perform Tzedakah, which is the highest of all commandments. Although I agree that for the Jews, each day is holy there are some days which are holier than others and have a special focus. These days are considered holidays, emphasising their holiness because the word originated from holy day. Morally, everything a Jew does each day is directed towards God, but certain days are more important because more focus is put on God. These days are mainly well known festivals and are holier because extra effort is made, there are more rules to observe and far more togetherness. Pesach (or Passover) is a very important festival because unlike all other holy days it celebrates the beginnings of the Jewish people, when God delivered them from slavery in Egypt. Before Passover their house must be cleared of all foods containing leavened grain products or yeast in response to a passage commanding so in the Torah. This is followed so completely that families will have special kitchen utensils, crockery and cutlery used only for this festival and stored away for the rest of the year This makes it extra sacred because it means the use of it reminds them only of Passover and of Gods control over history and nature. The most spiritual part of the festival is the opening meal, called the Seder, in which unleavened bread is eaten to recreate the slavery conditions of their ancestors and to relive the exodus. It is very holy because of its strong connections with their ancestors and God, and because of its reminder of their dependence on him. Bitter herbs are eaten during Seder, to remind them of what is being commemorated. Parsley leaves represent freedom and the bitter stalk, slavery. This is rarely eaten throughout the year, giving it its own important spiritual meaning. These are dipped in salt water as a symbol of the slaves tears. Many other spiritual, unusual foods are eaten, including a hard boiled egg and a lamb bone as a reminder of the sacrifices offered in the temple. The Talmud states that each person must also drink four glasses of wine. This shows dedication to Gods commandments. The days of Passover are sacred and set apart from the rest because they celebrate freedom and without the events commemorated by it, there would be no Jewish people. In every Kiddush, throughout the year, Jews speak in remembrance of the exodus, but it is Passover which celebrates the birth of a nation. It expresses the sense of belonging to a people, chosen by God and depending on him. The tradition and ritual of Sukkot creates an important festival to the Jews. The seven days in which it is observed are very holy and special because they focus on what God has given and celebrate his protection of the Israelites in the wilderness. This is different and holier than the rituals carried out on normal days because the Jews fulfil the mitzvah to dwell in booths. These booths remind them of their dependence on God and contain a hole in the roof, so that they feel closer to him. Having to stay in these booths is very special because it means families are able to spend more time, than usual, together. The four species is a very symbolic part of Sukkot and makes it extra holy. It contains an etrog and different leaves as a reminder of the harvest and the variety of people making up the Jewish community. It is waved in all directions, each day of the festival. This is a very spiritual act that symbolises Gods omnipresence. The days leading up to the festival of Rosh Hashanah are far holier than most of the year because they are spent repenting and Jews must enter into a mood of self reflection. The days are made holier and happier by an increase in good deeds. To fulfil the obligations of honouring and enjoying the festival, Jews will prepare, bathe, wear new clothes and clean the house. Rosh Hashanah lasts for two days, in which certain work is forbidden. These days are of great holiness and importance because they are traditionally when God opens the Book of life. During these days Jews beseech mercy in recognition of their sins, reflecting the importance of God. It is also the anniversary of the creation of the world, making it particularly holier and more significant than other festivals. Sacred blessings are recited over the candles, lit before sunset on the first night. Evening prayers and services are conducted with special melodies that enhance the special atmosphere. Each day of the festival is sanctified over wine by saying Kiddush, which sets it apart from other days. Special foods are eaten on Rosh Hashanah that arent eaten for the rest of the year, this gives the meals a special importance. Jews are more careful about keeping kosher on these days to make it holier and perfect in the eyes of God. Each food is very symbolic to the Jews, for example apples dipped in honey represent joy and blessing. Fruit is eaten, that has not been eaten for a year, to represent renewal. On Rosh Hashanah everyone should hear the Shofar to fulfil the commandment in the Torah. Its powerful blasts are a very important part of making the festival holier than others because it is only blown 100 times on these days out of the whole year. It not only warns people of the coming day of judgement, but importantly calls people together before God, so that communities and families spend more time together. Yom Kippur is without a doubt the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. It is a sacred experience for the Jews. The principle theme is atonement and is extremely holy because all actions are directed towards making God happy. On this day, Jews ignore physical needs, such as eating, to help them to concentrate on special needs, notably forgiveness. This Day of Atonement is extra holy because it combines the elements of remorse and confession with those of prayer and spiritual purification. Fasting enhances this because it is done in fulfilment of the biblical command you shall afflict your souls. In honour of the holiday, it is customary to wear best clothes and to prepare the house as they would for Shabbat. Most clothes and special materials are white, on this day, for holiness and to symbolise purity. Many Jews will carry out a special ritual on the eve of Yom Kippur, particular to this festival to set it apart from others. They immerse themselves in a ritual bath in order to enter into a pure, holy manner. Jews do not light candles in their home every day, only for special occasions, and because Yom Kippur is so holy they will light specific candles called Yahrzeit candles. To set it apart from regular days and other festivals, Jews attend more services on Yom Kippur. They chant Kol Nidrei to stress the importance of the day and to remember when Jews were forced to convert to Christianity, but vowed to God to remain Jewish. The story Of Jonah is read on this day as a sacred reminder that God is willing to forgive anyone that repents their sins. Yom Kippur is especially holy because of the constant communication with God and the many pleas of forgiveness, for sins. It is the holiest day of the year because, they believe, it is when God makes his final judgement on each individual and what will happen to them throughout the next year. In addition to these festivals, Shabbat is the holiest day of each week. It is a spiritual day because of its constant focus on God. It is immensely holy because it is the only festival in whose observance is a commandment. Sabbath is so important each week that God told the Jews to keep it holy, therefore it is referred to as the holy day. This emphasises how holier it is than regular days with the same rituals each day. Shabbat has lots more additional mitzvah and rituals, for every Jew to partake in. Shabbat itself is the holiest day of each week, even without the rituals, because it symbolises Gods creation of the world and his covenant with the Jewish people. The holiness is shown by the way in which the day is welcomed so much differently from any other. Other than festivals, it is the only day of the week in which the Jews must ensure that the house is cleaned, the table laid, food prepared and the best clothes are worn by everybody. There are also so many more rewards for observing Shabbat because each individual has something to do and everyone wants to keep the day holy to show their obedience to God. A special meal is eaten on Shabbat, where the whole family and guests can spend more time together than usual meals. The rituals and symbols involved with this meal make the day much holier and give it great meaning. They also give the family something important to look forward to each week. Plaited loaves are eaten on Shabbat as an important representation of the dependence between God, Israel and the Torah. Two loaves are used to symbolise the double portion that God left for their ancestors so that they wouldnt have to break the mitzvah to not work, looking for food. Shabbat is the only day of the week where a Hallah cover is used to protect the bread and the best cutlery and crockery are used. Candles are an extremely important part of Shabbat, to set it apart from regular days. They are lit various times throughout the day, symbolising peace coming into the house, the creation of the world and the extra brightness that Shabbat brings over other days. The family can spend more time together and with God on Shabbat because they are not distracted by work and school, like the rest of the week. They are also able to spend more time within the Jewish community because there are special synagogue services that only occur on Shabbat. They meet as a community to pray and worship before God. It is only during the Shabbat service that a weekly portion of the Torah is read. This makes the services on Shabbat extra holy because of the great importance of the Torah to Judaism. It is how God wishes them to live their entire lives. Shabbat even has its own special greeting, different form other days. When greeting or bidding farewell, each Jew will say Shabbat Shalom to express their wishes that everyone has a peaceful and happy Shabbat. The afternoon is made extra sacred by the study of the Torah or spending more time in the synagogue. Shabbat gives them the time to do this and focus on God. As well as having a special welcome, Shabbat is set apart from normal days by its sacred departure. The Havdalah is performed and more prayers are recited. This shows how important and holy the day is because they are sad that the day has ended. The ritual involves blessings over wine and spices as well as a candle, and this only happens on Shabbat. For a Jew, each day is holy and important, but there are some days in their lives which are even more important to the individual and their family. These days are so important that they have a special name, each one is known as a rites of passage. The rituals carried out on these days are in addition to the normal mitzvah, making them even more holy than usual. The birth of a Jew, into a family, is an extremely sacred occasions. They believe a child is born completely pure and free from sin and the birth is so holy that extra prayers are said. They believe that every person is a gift from God, so the day must be sanctified by prayer in thanks to God. After a child is born, the father is given the holy honour of aliyah, which is an opportunity to bless the reading of the Torah in the synagogue. This is especially holy because it is the only day when a blessing is recited purely for the health of the mother and the child. Brit Milah is a much holier day than most because it is one of the most universally observed commandments. It is the circumcision of a male, usually when eight days old. There is more to the ritual than merely the process of removing the foreskin; it is very holy because it is a commandment specific to the Jews. The circumcision is a physical sign of the eternal covenant between God and the Jews. It is also a sign that the Jewish people will be perpetuated through the circumcised man. The circumcision is performed on the eighth day of the boys life and is holier than most other rituals because it can only be carried out by an observant, educated Jew called a mohel. This man is religiously qualified and it is a very religious ritual, blessed by a rabbi, so that it is completely directed towards God. The Bar and Bat Mitzvah is the next very holy rite of passage in the life of a Jew. Bar Mitzvah means son of the commandment and occurs when the Jewish boy reaches the age of 13. Bat Mitzvah is the same for girls at age 12. It is very important because it enters them into the covenant relationship with God. When approaching Bar Mitzvah, the boys wear a very sacred prayer shawl and can begin wearing a pair of Tefillin. On this special occasion the relatives recite blessings for the child as they become adults in the religion. During the ceremony, for the first time the child is able to read a portion of the Torah to the congregation, in Hebrew. This brings them closer to God and involves them more in their religion. After this, the father recites baruch shepatarani, in which they thank God for having brought the boy to maturity and declares the boy is now responsible for his own actions. This is very sacred to the father because it is the only time he will recite it for that child. Marriage is an extremely holy occasion in the life of an adult Jew. It is seen as vitally important in Judaism. Refraining from it is not considered holy. There are many rituals carried out on the day of the ceremony that set it apart in the life of a Jew and bring them much closer to God. The ceremony takes place under a chupah because it can be held up by 4 poles, held by friends or relatives of the couple. This is a very important way of bringing people together before God. The Rabbi reads a section from the psalm as a blessing. This is a sacred way of blessing the couple in the name of the Lord and expresses thanks to God. The bride then circles the groom to symbolise her basic rights for the rest of their marriage: food, clothing and sex. A betrothal blessing is said to sanctify the marriage. The groom places the brides ring on her right index finger to symbolise her acceptance. The Ketubah is read and signed before God to sanctify and bind the marriage, setting it apart from the betrothal. The ceremony is set apart from most other joyous occasions, by the blessings over wine. This is very sacred, as well as adding to the festivity. Kiddush is recited twice to sanctify the occasion. Fasting on the day of the wedding is a very important part of the holiness because the couple are able to make peace with God before entering the covenant of marriage. In Judaism, life is valued above almost all else to every day is considered holy, but death is not considered a tragedy or any less holy. Death is the last rite of passage, but is still considered very holy because they believe, like our lives, it is all part of Gods plan. Candles are a sacred symbol in Judaism and so they are lit next to the body. The mourner recites a specific blessing, holier than usual blessings, to describe God as the true judge. The mourners have a special meal that is very symbolic and holy. It usually consists of eggs (as a symbol of life) and bread. Death is such a holy occasion for Jews that it has a mourners prayer called Kaddish. This is to reaffirm their faith in God, despite their loss. Holiness and faith is incorporated into every day of their lives, so I agree that every day is holy for them, but the specific festivals and rites of passage are considered much holier days. The sanctity and importance of each of these extra rituals, brings every individual Jew closer to God. The focus of these days is completely spiritual, with none of the usual distractions faced every day.